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Other agents: It should be noted that the Vaughan-Williams System has some considerable limitations because some drugs such as amiodarone (which is typically considered a class III agent) for example exhibit actions characteristic of more than one Vaughan-Williams class (Schmidt 2011)

Glycolysis converts the 13 C-glucose tracer to M3-pyruvate isotopologues which are oxidized to M2-acetyl-CoA by PDC and finally condensed with oxaloacetate to M2-citrate

We propose a redox-guided, phenotype-aware framework for future trials, emphasizing biomarker-anchored outcomes and systems-level integration

Huang CC

For example, a meta-analysis of the effects of immune responses on oxidative status markers found that the effect size was always high in free-living birds, and more variable in captive birds 37