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Smits RM, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Yazdani A, et al (2019) Antioxidants for male subfertility

It reduces the quality, quantity and function of sperm, disrupts hormone levels like testosterone and increases oxidative stress in the testes, all of which contribute to decreased fertility

However, the NHIS is based on self-reported data, which might introduce recall bias or social desirability bias, potentially resulting in the under-reporting or over-reporting of tobacco use and other variables

Heres an overview of their main features, benefits, and how they compare to other nicotine products

This has prompted questions about tobacco use as a possible risk factor