Multiple molecular mechanisms have been implicated in PD pathogenesis, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems), excitotoxicity, calcium dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and abnormal alpha-synuclein aggregation
The first reported observation that GTPases influence eryptosis was by Attanzio et al., who showed that NSC23766, a specific inhibitor of Rac1 GTPase, was able to ameliorate oxysterol-induced eryptosis [180]
The recommended daily allowance for vitamin B12 for adults is 2.4 micrograms
To advance our understanding, future research should focus on the direct measurements of mitochondrial function and larger-scale genetic studies
In 2009, Elif Tatlidede et al