In these instances, the interpolation values may only loosely reflect actual conditions, as they are more likely indicative of data scarcity
(2018) 23 : Where: n is the required sample size, Z is the standard normal deviation corresponding to the confidence level (1.96 for 95% confidence), p is the estimated proportion of cigarette butt pollution from preliminary studies (assumed as 0.5 for maximum variability and 0.1 for minimum variability)
Plus, they work pretty well
However, there are over 7,000 toxic chemicals in cigarettes, including more than 70 that are directly related to cancer, called carcinogens
If the tobacco is too dry or the strands of tobacco have broken off and there is a lot of very finely chopped tobacco in the cigarette, the risk of your cigarette burning up faster or even embers falling off increases