Studies on the individual components have explored their roles in cell migration, growth factor signaling, oxidative stress responses, and gene expression modulation
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BPC-157 work centres on local angiogenic signalling, with Hsieh and colleagues (J Mol Med, 2017) reporting VEGFR2 upregulation and internalisation in human endothelial cells, and Chang and colleagues (J Appl Physiol, 2011) reporting increased focal adhesion kinase and paxillin phosphorylation in cultured rat tendon fibroblasts
The complete list of injectable peptides shows just how broad the applications are, and the nasal spray peptides article covers non-injectable delivery methods for those exploring alternatives