However, nicotine-free vapes still generate free radicals during the heating process, and the base ingredients, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, produce compounds that cause oxidative stress and increase inflammatory markers when vaporized
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Frequency of E-cigarette use Past 30-day vapers reported using e-cigarettes with nicotine on an average of 15.7 b of the past 30 days, which was not a significant increase from the 2019 estimate of 13.8 c days
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Hence, it is plausible that the MOE for alcohol can be lower than the one for heroin, purely because of the high exposure to alcohol in the European society (see also Rehm et al