Certain circulating metabolites may increase the risk of cardiovascular events and subsequent pathological responses due to changes in the microbiota ( 2 Pathophysiology of atrial cardiomyopathy 2.1 Changes in atrial structure and function 2.1.1 Changes in atrial structure Atrial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and remodeling are the major morphologic changes observed in the atrial structure ( In addition to atrial enlargement, atrial wall fibrosis, and the presence of atrial anatomic abnormalities ( 2.1.2 Changes in atrial function The atria play both active and passive roles in the cardiac cycle, which can be divided into three distinct phases: the atrial storage phase, the atrial conduction phase, and the atrial contraction phase
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Clin Exp Rheumatol 40(6):1076-83, 2022