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Glossary AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor AMH anti-Mllerian hormone AUC area under the curve BMI body mass index BSH bile salt hydrolase CA cholic acid CDCA chenodeoxycholic acid CFU colony-forming unit CLGI chronic low-grade inflammation COX4 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 CRP C-reactive protein cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate DCA deoxycholic acid DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone FAI free androgen index FFAR2 (GPR43) free fatty acid receptor 2 FFAR3 (GPR41) free fatty acid receptor 3 FFAs free fatty acids FMT fecal microbiota transplantation FSH follicle-stimulating hormone FXR farnesoid X receptor GABA -aminobutyric acid GDCA glycodeoxycholic acid GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRHR gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor GSH glutathione HDAC histone deacetylase HFD high-fat diet HO-1 heme oxygenase-1 HPO axis hypothalamicpituitaryovarian axis IAA indole-3-acetic acid IDO1 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 IFN- interferon- IL-1 interleukin-1 beta IL-6 interleukin-6 IL-10 interleukin-10 IL-17 interleukin-17 IL-22 interleukin-22 ILC3s group 3 innate lymphoid cells IR insulin resistance IR-PCOS insulin-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome IRS-1 insulin receptor substrate-1 ITS internal transcribed spacer ITF inulin-type fructans JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Kiss1-GPR54-PKC-ERK1/2 Kisspeptin-G protein-coupled receptor 54-protein kinase C-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 signaling pathway LH luteinizing hormone LPS lipopolysaccharide MDA malondialdehyde MD Mediterranean diet mRNA messenger RNA MnSOD manganese superoxide dismutase MyD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88 NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 NOX2/4 NADPH oxidase 2/4 Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome PD phylogenetic diversity PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase PYY peptide YY ROS reactive oxygen species SCFAs short-chain fatty acids SHBG sex hormone-binding globulin SOCS3 suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 TAC total antioxidant capacity TGR5 Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 TICs theca-interstitial cells TLRs Toll-like receptors TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide TNF- tumor necrosis factor- TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone TUDCA tauroursodeoxycholic acid VLCKD very low-calorie ketogenic diet VLDL very low-density lipoprotein vOTU viral operational taxonomic unit ZO-1 Zonula occludens-1 3-HSD 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine

24 (11th ed.)

Glycine has documented anti-inflammatory properties that work through specific, well-understood mechanisms

The adaptive immune system, mainly composed of T cells and B cells, typically identifies specific pathogens, and fosters long-term immunological memory was thought to play a less dominant role in inflammation in FD

The body can also experience skin laxity, stubborn fat pockets, and diminished tone