Methods: We employed keywords such as TCM, TM, Botanical drug, HACE, and Hypoxia to systematically retrieve studies on the therapeutic use of TCM and TM for HACE published up to May 2025, in databases including Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Data
These compounds bind to NCOA4, disrupting its interaction with FTH1 and inhibiting NCOA4-dependent ferritin autophagy, thereby reducing intracellular free iron (Fe 2 ) levels and suppressing ferroptosis ( 4.2 Lipid peroxidation-related biomarkers and OA 4.2.1 Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) MDA and 4-HNE are key end products of lipid peroxidation and significant markers of ferroptosis
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Diagnostic translation has likewise been advanced by mitochondria-targeted probes: the 5MEF fluorescent probe demonstrates how mitochondrial accumulation and selective signal enhancement enable earlier, organelle-level detection of pathology
GHK-Cus role in collagen synthesis and skin matrix support makes it one of the most discussed peptides for cellulite reduction support targeting the connective tissue and collagen deficiencies that contribute to cellulite appearance
